Bail-In

A bail-in is a type of bank resolution that involves using the liabilities of a failing bank to recapitalize it. This can be done by converting debt into equity, or by writing down the value of deposits. Bail-ins are designed to prevent the need for a bailout from taxpayers, and they can help to protect the financial system from the failure of a single bank.

There are two main types of bail-ins:

* **Voluntary bail-ins:** In a voluntary bail-in, the bank's shareholders and creditors agree to accept a haircut on their investments in order to recapitalize the bank. This can be done through a debt-to-equity swap, or by writing down the value of deposits.
* **Involuntary bail-ins:** In an involuntary bail-in, the government can force shareholders and creditors to accept a haircut on their investments in order to recapitalize the bank. This can be done through a debt-to-equity swap, or by writing down the value of deposits.

Bail-ins are controversial because they can impose losses on innocent investors and depositors. However, they are seen as a necessary tool to prevent the failure of a large bank from causing a systemic crisis.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 gave the U.S. government the authority to use bail-ins to resolve failing banks. However, the law has not yet been used to resolve a bank failure.

In Europe, the European Banking Authority has issued guidelines on how to use bail-ins. These guidelines require banks to have a bail-inable debt buffer of at least 1% of their risk-weighted assets. The buffer can be used to recapitalize a bank in the event of a failure.

Bail-ins are a complex and controversial topic. However, they are an important tool for preventing the failure of large banks and protecting the financial system from systemic crises.